Hindu mythology decipherment of the Indus Script: glyph #16
GODS AND DEMONS TURN A MOUNTAIN TO OBTAIN THE ELIXIR OF IMMORTALITY

Figure 1. Indus Script glyph #16 deciphered by Celeste Horner 2024 as Samudra Manthan, the legend of the Churning of the Ocean of Milk. Indus glyph from Mahadevan 1977 concordance.

Indus Script glyph #16. The Churning of the Ocean of Milk. Cursed by a powerful sage, The Devas, the gods, lost their powers, immortality, and wealth. Their only choice was to cooperate with their arch-rivals, the demon Asuras. Together, they turned a mountain back and forth like a butter churn in the mystical Ocean of Milk. Treasures and Amrita, the elixir of immortality, emerged, but first, a world-threatening poison was released. The god Shiva, the hero of this occasion, saved the world by volunteering to swallow the poison (#53, #36, #35, #54, #55). The toxin, which turned his throat blue (#37), was confined there by the coiling of Vasuki, king of Naga serpents. To help cool Shiva's intense fever, the crescent moon (#293, #301) was placed on his head. Indus Script glyph #16 shows gods and demons pulling a tug-of-war (glyph #254) on opposite sides of the mountain. It is a dramatic story of opposing cosmic forces working together, and the sacrifice that makes good in the world possible.




HIDDEN SYMB⨁LS IN THE ALPHABET

DRAFT 2024-5-1 @01:30     CONTENTS     A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z     🎵   pg 2
Lubdhaka | Samudra Manthan | Jyotirlinga | Hyagriva | Vamana | | Ardhanarishvara | Pashupati | Nataraja | Bael/Bilva |
Legends page 2: Sati | SaptaRishi | Matsya | Descent of Ganga | Scorpion | Frog | Grass #290-1 | Singularity
Conclusions | References



Indus Script deciphered with Hindu mythology
Rosetta Stone discovered: Tiger seal with legend of god Shiva

by Celeste Claire Horner, 2024


T
HE ANCIENT INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION was in its prime around 2600 B.C, the same time as pyramid building in Egypt. Its urban center of Mohenjo-daro had engineered running water and public pools. Its population of 50,000 was the largest on Earth. Mysteriously, Indus script disappeared from use about 1800 B.C. It remained undeciphered for centuries because a multi-lingual translation had not been found. In February 2024, a breakthrough was achieved. Project Shivoham matched the traditional legend of Lubdahka and the Tiger with eighteen terracotta seals (Possehl, 2008) which depict a tiger looking at a man in a tree. The principal author recognized the tale as one his mother told him as a child. The legend reveals the context of the scene. Trapped by a wild tiger, the hunter Lubdaka is forced to spend a whole night in a sacred Bilva (Bael) tree. He prayed, fasted, and sprinkled tear-moistened holy leaves on a Shiva lingam below the tree. This happened to be performed on the yearly holy night of MahaShivRatri when the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is observed with ritual annointing of a Shiva lingam, all-night prayer, meditation, and celebration. Greatly pleased by these devotional actions, the god Shiva blessed Lubdkaha with a safe return home and glorious admission to paradise.

The legend of Lubdhaka and the Tiger was the Rosetta Stone of the Indus Script! Insight from this legend sparked the great "Eureka moment" for Celeste Claire Horner, a retired librarian and independent researcher of comparative language and symbology. The long-sought interpretation key provided an independent account of the meaning of enigmatic Indus inscriptions. An American raised in the United States and Canada in a home oriented to world culture, with both the Bible and the Bhagavad gita on the bookshelf, Celeste was able to recognize allusions to Hindu mythology in Indus Script artifacts. Examining the tiger seal, she employed a prior meta-language research discovery that the upright fish Indus sign #59 was a god symbol and deduced that the winged V Indus sign (#342), the most frequent glyph, was a SHIVA SYMBOL. Suddenly, a huge light illuminated the mystery of ancient Indus Valley civilization.

This discovery meant that the god Shiva was the central theme of the Indus Valley culture. Many seals featuring fantastic beasts show that the trading, farming, and herding society particularly venerated Shiva Pashupati, Lord of Animals. The Indus Valley people were Pashupatinath Shaivites. Evidence includes:

  • Indus seals represented Shiva in his forms:
    • Pashupati, Lord of Animals
    • Adiyogi, first yoga master
    • Nataraja, Lord of Dance
  • Shiva linga and yoni altars were discovered in the original archaeological digs in the 1920s by Marshall (2004).
  • Icons of Shiva in the Indus Script:
    • Shiva's crescent moon head ornament (Mahadevan 77 Indus glyph #293)
    • lingam (#379, #379-#395, #387, #389)
    • damaru drum (#256, #403-#409)
    • third eye (#70, #397)
    • sacred three-leaf Bilva (Bael) tree (#327)
    • trishul trident (#19-#21, #162, #171, #367-#369)
    • Nandi bull (#50)
    • spouse Shakti Parvati (#65)
    • seven sages disciples (M- )
    • three-legged devotee (#39)
    • Trimurti
    • Ardhanarishwara, half female (#343)
    • Mount Kailash abode (#134, #135)
    • Linga yoni temple (#277-#281)

Hindu mythology decoded numerous additional Indus Script icons. In the famous legend, Churning of the Ocean of Milk, Shiva becomes the hero of the Hindu gods' quest to obtain the Amrita elixir of immortality (#178, unicorn, #179, 194, #267 lingam temple) by swallowing (#402) a poison that would have otherwise destroyed the world. The poison is represented by a scorpion claw, glyphs #36 and #53. Shiva swallowing the poison is shown in #37, #54, and #55. This story also supplies ideographic icons such as Indus sign #16, which shows gods working with their arch-rivals, the demons, to turn a mountain (Figure 1, Indus glyphs #204-#208, 210) with a tug of war (#254) in the Ocean of Milk in order to obtain the Amrita elixir and other treasures. The legend of Jyotirlinga, where Shiva emerges from an infinite pillar of fire, and the account of How Brahma lost his fifth head, a parable about modesty and honesty, is also extensively referenced in the writing system.

Hindu mythology is the shining key which unlocks the mystery of the Indus writing system. It is a powerful paradigm which provides clear guidance and a coherent explanation for connections between glyphs which have long resisted decipherment.



List and concordance of 417 Indus Script signs. Mahadevan (1977)




INDUS SIGN INTERPRETATION

List of 417 Indus Script signs with description by Celeste Horner CCH 2024





Hindu mythology legends in the Indus Script




1

  Lubdhaka and the Tiger

Figure 1. TIGER SCARE MAKES NIGHT OF PRAYER. This seal the Rosetta Stone of the Indus Script because the picture on it has been matched with meaning from a known MahaShivratri legend from Hindu mythology: Lubdhaka and the tiger. It is a story of the god Shiva. Chased by a wild tiger, the hunter Lubdhaka takes refuge in a sacred Bael tree. He spends the night fasting, praying, and sprinkling holy Bilva (Bael) @ @ leaves on a sacred lingam stone below the tree. The Indus script danda stick repeat marks indicate that he continuously recited the mantras AUM Shiva Mahadev, "OM Shiva, great god," and "OM, nama Shivaya," I bow to the divine Shiva, while scattering holy leaves from his hand. [Reading the mantra]. As a result of accidentally fulfilling this ritual on the holiest night of the year, he pleased Shiva and earned a safe return home and glorious admission to paradise.This legend reflects ancient religious practice which still continues to be a living spiritual tradition the current day. Shiva devotees aspire to accomplish this ritual on MahaShivratri at least once in their lifetime: a day of fasting, and a night of wakeful meditation. Hindu gurus still urge their followers to make the effort to stay awake the whole night of MahaShivratri [solar potter's wheel 2021 ] [MahaShivratri 2023 Sadhguru hosted president of India for rituals at Isha Yoga Center] (@) to absorb the spiritual energy on this occasion, the anniversary of the divine marriage of Shiva and Parvati. Devotees annoint a Shiva lingam with flowers, Bael (Bilva) leaves, and milk. They meditate, pray, listen to sermons and stories, chant mantras, and celebrate with dance and music. Lubdhaka had a life-threatening wild tiger (a symbol of Shiva) as his incentive to stay awake all night and pray!

Legend identified by Project Shivoham and glyphs interpreted by Celeste Horner in February 2024.


YuniKusuma 2024 Budayabali.com


THE MAN, TREE, AND TIGER SEAL:   THE ROSETTA STONE OF THE INDUS SCRIPT


* STARS ON THE NIGHT OF SHIVA *

Figure 2. A second variation of the man, tree, and tiger seal. Celeste Horner used the information that the Lubdhaka legend occurred at night of MahaShivratri to deduce that the water carrying man and dots in the sky were stars and the constellations of Aquarius (bringer of the rainy season), the Pleiades (in Hindu mythology, the wives of the 7 sages), and Orion (which has the hourglass shape of Shiva's damaru drum which creates Time). Tiger seals: Mahadevan 1977. Tiger graphic with Hotpot.ai




2

 Shiva and the pillar of fire, Jyotirlinga


Image credits: Metropolitain Museum and Indianholiday.com





GLYPH #2: JYOTIRLINGA - GOD SHIVA EMERGES FROM A PILLAR OF FIRE



Indus Script glyph #2. @ HOW BRAHMA LOST HIS FIFTH HEAD. A dispute arose between gods Brahma and Vishnu over who was the greatest. Suddenly, an enormous pillar of light and fire blazed up between them. They agreed that whoever could discover the end would be declared superior. Brahma transformed into a swan (#63, #64) and flew upwards. Vishnu in the form of his boar avatar (glyph #62, also Matsya god fish with tusk) dug down towards the netherworld. Both gods searched, but neither could find the end of the pillar. When they met again, Vishnu admitted truthfully that he failed to find the bottom. Brahma, however, lied and produced a flower that he said came from the top. Just as Vishnu was about to bow to him, the god Shiva emerged from the pillar in a rage, and with a blade of grass, sliced off the 5th head of Brahma which had swollen his ego and caused him to lie (#79, headless bird #83, #198, #51, #52). After that, it is was apparent that Shiva was the supreme deity. Jyotirlinga (radiant linga) shrines (#267, #270-283) across India are honored as emanations of this first manifestation of Shiva as a cosmic pillar of light (#61).

Concordance entries for glyph #2: @ | @ ♣ | Glyph #2 info page





3

  Horse-head gods and demons, Hyagriva



GLYPH #6: HYAGRIVA, THE HORSE-HEAD GOD OF WISDOM

A HORSE-HEAD DEMON STOLE THE VEDAS, wisdom scriptures, from the four-headed creator god Brahma (glyph #5). This Danava demon was called Hyagriva, meaning horse-head (Indus Script glyph #4). He had heard that after the Great Flood, gods planned to share Vedic wisdom with humans, which would put them on par with the gods. He jealously wanted to prevent this. He had obtained a boon that he could only be defeated by another horse-head hyagriva, and he was the only one. The Vedas were embodied as four children, and the demon abducted them by first enticing them with his horse disguise, and then abducting them to his lair below the ocean. Gods, including Vishnu battled the demon Danava to recover the Vedas, but returned exhausted and defeated. Vishu was so tired, he fell asleep on a bowstring (#7). In accordance with destiny, a termite (#57) gnawed through the string and the cable snapped, cutting off Vishnu's head. The gods replaced Vishnu's head with that of a horse, so that he also became hyagriva. Then with his Matsya unicorn fish avatar (#62) and his new horse-head forms, Vishnu defeated the demon in his sea-shell and horse-head forms and returned the Vedas to Brahma. In his horse-head form, Vishnu hyagriva became wisdom deified.

MIND BLOWN. Sage Dadichi wished to impart Vedic knowledge to the Ashwini Kumara twins, but was cursed that his head would explode if he ever shared the information. The twins devised a plan to replace Sage Dadichi's head with that of a horse. After the knowledge was imparted, the horse-head exploded, and Dadichi's original head was replaced. The wise twins thereafter were depicted with horse heads. (@ Joshi, 2022) In other legends, the wife of the sun Surya, needing a break from light and heat, left a shadow double in her place and took the form of a horse and lived on earth and studied spirituality for a long time. The horse received respect for its grace and swiftness, and as a spirit animal and vessel of divine life and inspiration from ancient times. Discovering her absence, the Sun took a vacation, incarnated as a horse, and joined his wife for a romantic reunion. To win her back, Surya, the Sun, sacrificed 15/16ths of his energy, which was melded into the super-weapons of the gods, like Vishnu's chakra, the Brahma danda staff @, and Shiva's trishul trident. Horsehead nebula in Orion


Below: Vishnu in the form of his Matsya fish avatar vanquishing the ocean demon, recovering the Vedas, and saving Manu and the SaptaRishis from the Great Flood.










4

  Dwarf defeats demon king



GLYPH #42: DWARF DEFEATS A DEMON KING BY GROWING TO COSMIC SIZE

Indus Script glyph #42. DEMON KING BALI BECAME SO POWERFUL that he ruled all three realms of the whole universe. Both Devas, the gods, and humans prayed to the god Vishnu for relief from King Bali's cruel treatment. Vishnu sent his dwarf avatar in the disguise of a Brahmin holy man to the court of Bali and requested an area of land that he could cover with three steps. King Bali looked at the tiny feet of the dwarf, laughed, and accepted. Suddenly, the dwarf grew so big that his first step reached over mountains (glyph #41). His second step reached between worlds (glyph #42). Realizing he was dealing with a god, King Bali humbly offered his head for the third step of land. With his foot, Vamana pushed Bali down to rule the underworld, and the balance of the universe was restored. Indus Script glyph #42 shows the dwarf Vamana standing on two worlds because he has grown to enormous size.

In other versions of the legend, demon king Bali was actually a just and capable king. He subjects on the island of Lanka prospered. The problem that he was so successful, the balance of the universe was upset. Indra, king of the gods was jealous. Although, Bali rules the underworld, he returns to Earth on a special holiday of Onam every year, which is celebrated in India with flower arrangements, special garments, and a feast of delicacies served on banana leaves.



Hanuman, immortal monkey god, avatar of Shiva and son of Vayu, the wind god, possessed yogic siddhi (power) enabling him to leap over oceans; grow large enough to carry a mountain, burn a demon city with his flaming tail, and when he was young, attempted to swallow the sun, thinking it was a ripe fruit. He also defeated a rapacious, ship-swallowing demoness by suddenly transforming from huge to miniscule and flying into her mouth to attack from the inside. His five-faced form may be linked to a mysterious glyph ))))) (#298) which may represent 5 faces or avatars. Hanuman is believed to be an immortal, still alive today, who will assume the position of Brahma the Creator in the next great Manvanthar age.


Indus Script glyph #41, #42, and #43 are determinitives of size scale: as big as a mountain, and ocean, or encompassing multiple worlds. In the Indus texts (concordance Mahadevan 1977), they are used to illustrate the greatness and omnipresence of deity, to praise Shiva. Here, they are used to illustrate the legend of Vamana, the dwarf avatar of Vishnu. He defeated the demon king Bali, who had conquered the three worlds, by growing to cosmic size. Bali had pledged to give him three feet of land, but after Vamana's expansion, he had to offer his own head for the third foot, give up his cosmic empire, and confine his rule to the underworld.




5

  Half-male, half-female Shiva Ardhanarishwara


ARDHANARISHWARA - HALF MALE AND HALF FEMALE SHIVA

THERE ONCE WAS A DEVOTEE WHO WOULD WORSHIP ONLY SHIVA. He circled around Shiva reverently, but excluded Shiva's wife Parvati, and that hurt her feelings. The next time he visited, Shiva put Parvati on his lap to make sure she shared the honor. The devotee (Bhringi) @ @ turned into a serpent and slithered in between them. Shiva was amused, but Parvati was annoyed. Next, Shiva and his mate fused (#87) into one being that was male and one side and female on the other. This was the the first manifestation of the Ardhanarishvara (half male) form of Shiva. The devotee only circled the leg that belonged to Shiva's male half ( #40). The next time the sexist devotee visited, Shiva and Parvati fused together and stood only on one leg. The determined devotee turned into an insect (#57) and bored through their navel (#354, #319). That was the last straw. Finally, to teach the man about the importance of both male and female, Parvati (#8) decreed that henceforth, the man could only have the parts of his body inherited from his father, his nerves and bones. The feminine flesh and blood withered away, and the devotee became a three-legged skeleton (Indus glyph #39). Unicorn seal M-595 shows the circle (#40, #391) that skeleton man (#39, #48) made around Shiva (#342).




* ISHWARA - Lord, man with the BIG HAND, dominion. Division + Moon = week? Knife = edge = threshold = crossing = immanence @ transformation. Shiva V sacral bone, kundalini rising. Fish = priest = Brahmin = north crown. Hapi sema tawi samudra manthan pulling /\. Knife - liminal. Knife Judge Divider Lord sword. Swan divides elixir from water. Discern truth good. Sculptor, Shiva as Destroyer, transformer, former, rhythm maker. Liminial edge, DAWN OF ENLIGHTENMENT, moon births the sun, neither day nor night, zero-point energy








6

  Shiva Pashupati, Lord of Animals



SHIVA PASHUPATI, lord of animals
Great god, first yoga master, forest sage


Center: SHIVA PASHUPATI, Lord of animals, tiger wrestler seal from Mohenjo-daro (M-308).
Center: MAHADEVA, great god, is a primary epithet of Shiva. Great (sign #153, #155). God fish (#59).
Center: SHIVA FOREST SAGE (center). FOREST represented by the up arrow tree (sign #153, #155) and GOD by the god fish sign (#59). The original sages were equal to gods and wielded cosmic powers. Once, a sage became angry at the gods for not accepting his patron king into their heaven. They repelled the king as he ascended in the air, senting him hurtling back towards the underworld. Enraged, the sage started to recreate a whole new universe with a new cast of gods. Scrambling to pacify him, the gods made the king into a constellation.
Bottom left: ADIYOGI Proto-Shiva sits in yogic posture.

Yoga means joining, and the letter Y shows a split joined at the bottom. Y also represents yogis because they support their prayer-bead arm with a Y-shaped danda stick.

H: ladder (glyph #186)
HARI, honorific salutation.
H male suffix.
H respiration, breath.
HARA (meta) fire breath, Shiva Destroyer -- of death, ignorance, burning away mortality and material bondage.
Seal from Mohenjo-daro (M-304). Indus Script - Sanskrit - English interpretation by Celeste Horner 2024-4-14

THE LORD OF ANIMALS IS PLAYING WITH TIGERS. They are jumping up on him like eager pet dogs about to lick his face. This is often characterized as combat: Strangling / Wrestling / Fighting tigers, but should be hugging, playing with tigers, and scratching them under their chins. Shiva dressed in skins like Tarzan. It is a primordial scene of idyllic first time. Adiyuga. Animals were like family. There is much mythological lore about ability of deities to shape-shift and tranform into animals. (Combat and dominance situation is indicated in Indus text where two scorpions are claw to claw). Sumerian demigod Gilgamesh shown holding a lion in one arm like a pet cat.

Native American chief in Pashupati posture, painted 1700s A.D>




7

  Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance

Figure 2. Shiva as Nataraja, Lord of the Dance trampling the demon of ignorance. Bronze of the 10th - 11th century Chola period. Tamil Nadu, India. Institute of Chicago, 2018.


Figure . Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance slaying the Bull of Ego. (Alternatively, Shiva as Nandi, the Bull of Will effacing the ego and stoically enduring abuse from a dancing fiend and demented phase of Self, during one of the eras in which, according to Hindu mythology, demon forces have deposed the devas and conquered the three realms of the universe.)



A foot, signifying divine presence
and protection. Indus Script glyph #341


Once, a holy couple was blessed with a wise and wonderful child. They were sad that it was his destiny not to live past the age of 16. When he reached that age, he went into a temple, grasped a Shiva lingam and entered meditation so profound that the minions of Death could not take him. Finally, the Lord of Death arrived and threw his noose around both the boy and the lingam. Shiva emerged from the lingam in a rage and trampled Death into the ground. No one died for a while, and the balance of life was starting to get upset. Finally an agreement was reached. Death forever released its hold on the boy. He lives forever at the age of 16.

SHIVA NATARAJA, Lord of the Dance


THE MOST FREQUENT INDUS SIGN - THE SHIVA SYMBOL
A FOREHEAD MARK OF SHIVA AND VISHNU

The winged V symbol, Indus sign #342, is most frequent in the Indus Script corpus.
It was deduced to represent the god Shiva based on its use in the Man-Tree-Tiger and Shiva Pashupati, Lord of the Animals seals. It represents the mark on the cobra around his neck and is also is a tilak forehead mark, and combines the V-shaped design worn by Vishnu devotees, with the horizontal bars worn by Shiva devotees, which represent his command over the three worlds. 2-bars

Indus / Harappan figurine with tika, c 2800 B.C. (Kenoyer, J. M.)

Priest-king forehead marks the third eye

Dr. Jonathan Mark Kenoyer comment on tika on figurine from 2800 B.C.




THREE-LEAF BAEL TREE, SACRED TO SHIVA



Three-leaf clusters of Bael (aka Bhel, Bil, Bel, Aegle marmelos ) leaves, sacred to Shiva are represented in the Indus Script. Shiva is often depicted with the leaves on his hair or on his throat. This is a very specific and diagnostic linkage between the ancient and modern Hindu traditions.

Pipal tree long life, evolution, air roots, see queen of tree dancing circle. Sacred tree links. Upside down Sapta rishi in Indus seal with scorpion. TODO


THREE-LEAF BAEL TREE - ICON OF SHIVA WORSHIP


Figure 3: Icons of Shiva in the Indus Script: Trimurti, Bhel tree. Celeste Horner 2024.


SHIVA LINGAM



Figure 5: Indus script glyphs for "Shiva lingam". The glyph has the tripundra, three horizontal lines which represent Shiva's omnipresence in the three worlds. Celeste Horner 2024. Times of India: Most popular Shiva temples in India for Maha Shivratri.


CONTINUE HINDU MYTHOLOGY STORIES   |   CONTINUE TO CONCLUSIONS, DRAFT PAGE 2




16

References ^


Dravidian and Indus Valley Script (lecture) by Professor Asko Parpola

Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions



REFERENCES

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Indus Script. {Shows an image of many glyphs on one page}
Nature India (2009)
Write signs for Indus Script? Nature.com
Parpola, Asko (2023)
Signs of the Indus Script and their variants. Harappa.com [video]

Parpola, Asko (1994)
Deciphering the Indus script. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press). [amazon] [archive.org] {Definitive, illustrated work. Connects to Dravidian linguistics and mythology}
Possehl, Gregory L (2002)
The Indus civilization : a contemporary perspective. ( Walnut Creek, CA : AltaMira Press). [archive.org]
Possehl, Gregory L (2008)
Indus Folklore: An Unknown Story on Some Harappan Objects. BAR International Series 1826 (2008): 140-144. [academia.edu]
Prabhupada, Swami (1989)
The Bhagavad-gita as it is. (Juhu, Mumbai, India: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust). {Sanskrit, transliteration, Sanskrit - English vocabulary, English translation, and commentary. Chapter 13: the body is the field, self is the knower of the field}
Project Shivoham (2024)
Shivarathri & Shiva worship in Indus Valley Civilization? [video] {This is the video that initiated this course of discovery}
Rao, Rajesh (2012)
Computing a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script. TED Talks, 2011
Rig - History Extended (2024)
Script and Religion of Indus Valley Civilization. Rig - History Extended. video
Sadhguru (2024)
MahaShivrati livestream, March 8, 2024. Sounds of Isha. [video] {Massive gathering and spiritual observance attended by the vice-president of India, who described it as an event of sublimity, modernity, and eternity}
MahaShivrati web site {Shiva identity includes emptiness, merged identity with Mount Kailash. }
Highlights of MahaShivRatri 2023. Isha
Sadhguru (2023)
Mahashivratri 2023 With Sadhguru | Live From Isha Yoga Centre | Adiyogi. Rajshri Soul. [video {Sadhguru hosted the president of India at Isha Yoga Center. Suryakund, Chandrakund sacred pools. (Might Mohenjodaro public pool have had this sacred function?) Temples, shrines, rituals.}
Sadhguru (2020)
Scientific Reason Behind Maha Shivaratri You Should Know. [video]
Don't sleep on this night. {Importance of staying awake and erect on Shivaratri. The motive behind the tiger seal legend: stay up and pray. The solar system is working like a potter's wheel to generate this. Yogic practice for vitality.}. [video]
The Sanskrit (2021)
Birth of Sanskrit Language - Learn 3 Stories of Origin of The Sanskrit Alphabet. video {Sanskrit alphabet origin legends: 14 strokes of Shiva's damaru, Shakti Pitha shrines of Sita, and petals of chakras}
What is your Sanskrit name? video {visarga, suffixes}
Sanskrit Trikashaivism.com (2024)
Puranas {Sanskrit language instruction, Vedic text, Puranas}
Sharmila, Sinha (2022)
Bael, an overlooked boon to humans since ages. Onmanorama.com
Sullivan, Bruce M. (1997)
Historical Dictionary of Hinduism. Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements, no. 13 (Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.)
Tanakung, Mpu (400 A.D.)
Siwaratrikalpa (Shivaratri, night of Shiva ritual). Translated by A Teeuw. [info] {Relates the legend of Lubdhaka to communicate the importance of observing Shivaratri to Hindus in Java, Indonesia. This version portrays Lubdhaka as a sinful man who was redeemed by his accidental night of devotion}
Tapasyananda, Swami. Madhava - Vidyaranya, Translated by Swami Tapasyananda (ancient tradition)
The Traditional Life of Sri Sankaracharya. archive.org {Shiva's incarnation as Sankara}
Traditional Hindu wisdom (unknown ancient date, before 1000 B.C.)
Shiva Puranas. Wisdom Library, 2020
Markandeya Puranas. Wisdom Library, 2020. {Wise Birds were once Brahmins who were cursed for not offering their bodies to a hungry bird.}
Markandeya Puranas. Rare Book Society of India
University of Chicago (2024)
Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures: West Asia and North Africa
OIP 136. Medinet Habu IX. The Eighteenth Dynasty Temple, Part I: The Inner Sanctuaries With Translations of Texts, Commentary, and Glossary. The Epigraphic Survey. pdf
Digital Dictionaries of South Asia {Tamil, Sanskrit, and more}
Vyasa, the narrator of the Mahabharata, compiler ( *,7K B.C oral tradition?, 250 C.E. - 1000 C.E.?)
18 Maha Puranas. Text in Sanskrit, Hindi, and English. Vyasaonline.com. {Includes wisdom and legends such as the manifestation of Vishnu as a fish that saved Manu from the flood, and the tortoise that supported a mountain for making Amrit, the elixir of immortality in the Agni Purana, chapters 2 and 3.}
Yadav, Nisha (2010)
Statistical Analysis of the Indus Script Using n-Grams. PLOS One. [pdf]
Yadav, Nisha (2022)
Script of the Harappan civilization. IIT Gandhinagar. [video]
Wells, Dr. Bryan Kenneth and Dr. Andreas Fuls (2006 - 2024)
Interactive Corpus of Indus Text
Wikipedia (2024)
Pashupati Seal. {Images of 3 versions o the seal and interpretation theories}
Varuna
Pashu, noose, lasso {Pasha is an attribute of Ganesha (son of Shiva); Yama, god of death uses it to extract souls at death; and Varuna, god of Oceans, whose mount is an elephant nosed Makara.}
Kautuka ritual thread
dancing girl sculpture {wear bangles on arms, shows fashion worn on seals, possible Apsara}
Patala {Underworld mapped onto the legs of Vishnu}
Wisdom library (2024)
Danda. Wisdomlibrary.org {Sanskrit and English terminology. A danda is a rod that can be a weapon, a churning stick, a measuring device, or form of punctuation.}
Riley, Lucinda
Pleiades myths and legends. @
Avia (2022)
Antelope Symbolism and Antelope Spirit Animal Meaning. Antelope spiritual symbolism. What's your sign.com. {Antelopes can eat poisonous plants without getting sick, like Shiva in Ocean of Milk legend, freedom, grace, swiftness}

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Celeste Claire Horner 2024-4   |   celeste.horner@gmail.com   |   celeste@digitalthought.info
DigitalThought.info: Hidden Symbols in the Alphabet