15 Conclusions ^ CONCLUSIONS Hindu mythology is the key to deciphering the Indus Script. The Man, Tree, and Tiger seal has proven to be the Rosetta Stone of the Indus Script because it has been matched to a well-known traditional legend about the god Shiva, that reveals what is happening in the scene. This seal led to identification of the glyphs for Shiva, deva god, various ways to represent OM, a key icon of the three-leaf Bilva (Bael) tree, and Sanskrit punctuation. Recognizing that this tiger seal is dedicated to Shiva helps build a strong case that the Indus Valley Civilization were Pashupatinath Hindu, because man animals and Shiva as Pashupati, Lord of Animals are depicted on many seals. Shiva Nataraja, Lord of Dance is also represented. INDUS SCRIPT LANGUAGE SUMMARY     C. Horner 2024 Glyph numbers reference Mahadevan 1977 sign list " Punctuation Danda stick ||   segment, repeat   || \   start diagonal, stop vertical   | |   state (rolling, walking, shining, loving, being blissful)   | text segmentation, repeat mark Conjunction Double tick #99 Joining, union, plural Negation Apostrophe 2689.02: swallow, not poison See not top or bottom of Jyotirlinga Disjunction Division #123 'J Division, knife, dagger, sword Adjectives #211 Maha, aa great. Immortal #194. #176: endless, infinite Proper Nouns Shiva #342, Vishnu #347, Brahma #5, #63, #64. Parvati #65, Shakti #8, Lakshmi #17, #72; Pashupati, Adiyogi, Amrita #178, #230 Mount Meru, foreign lands, underworld Nouns Scorpion #53: poison, argument, fighting, war. Loca, the world #391 (also light, wheel, god, heaven) #59 a god, or an immortal Saptarishi sage #228, #229 wedding kr kr heart heart #267 temple, #270-#286. Yoni temple #277-#279, also () #301 moon #256: damaru drum, hammer #244: Shiva's tiger meditation mat, lingam #242- 243 mixed compound, poison + elixir #245 Navagraha, 9 planets #319: conch transcendental sound like Damaru that makes the elements. Conch Shiva used to swallow poison. Ocean demon. Digestion, discernment, partially separating good and bad. Shiva's vertical third eye Verbs Rotation Turning, churning, stirring #401, circumambulating, rotating. #54, #55, #402 swallowing Expressions OM, OM nama Shivaya, Mahadeva, Adiyogi Animals Bull - Shiva, strength Tiger - Shakti, power, energy Elephant (and Bilva Tree)- Lakshmi, wealth and fortune Unicorn - immortality, alchemy, health #79 Brahma swan seeking top of Jyotirlinga #50 Nandi bull Plants #327 sacred 3-leaf Bilva tree #325 Pipal tree, enlightenment, Lakshmi #290, #291 Blade of grass, Shiva's weapon for humbling gods #367 lotus flower (or Shiva's trident), #387 lotus bud #211: tree, forest Body parts #375, #31 eye #70 Shiva's third eye #31 ear and eye, sensing, listening #342 foot hands #389, #331, #387 #389 wings Legends #16 Churning of the Ocean of Milk. Gods and demons turn a mountain. #42 Vamana the dwarf defeats demon king by growing to cosmic size #355 Vishnu lifts the world from the bottom of the Ocean with his boar avatar327 sacred 3-leaf Bilva tree #46 Lovely ladies Lakshmi and the Apsuras emerged from the Ocean of Milk #61-64. Jyotirlinga. Shiva's pillar of fire. Brahma's swan avatar and Vishnu's boar avatar unsucessful in finding the end. #54, #55, #402: Shiva swallowing #53 poison from the Ocean (#173 double Ephesus Neptune trident, Abzu ocean under the ocean) of Milk #161 2 prong fork, restrain serpents. #162-166 trishul trident variations #198 How Brahma lost his fifth head #205 Nandi horn. Cornucopia of Amrit #403-#409 damaru drum makes time. Intersection vesica piscis #403 #417 mala beads? chakras? conch shell, transcendental sound #389, ocean demons and goddesses, drinking Ocean Milk poison #380 jala net #343 Ardhanarishwara, half female lord Shiva #372, #368 Trimurti, Shiva trimurti #371 tripunda Writing Direction [1] Toward the face of a living being (Egyptian hieroglyph convention). [2] Reversed for skeleton man #48 Reversed for woman giving birth #47. Reversed for dead bird (Brahma's ego in swan avatar form As indicated by asymmetrical glyph. [3] Right to left. [4] May be multi-direction or zig-zag bostrophodon for multi-head god or multiple figures. Syntax English: SVO Skeleton-man circles Shiva and Parvati. Indus: VSO (Circling) (Skeleton-Man) (Shiva and Parvati) VERB: Circling; SUBJECT: 3 leg skeleton man; OBJECT: Trident Parvati Shiva. English: Great god Sanskrit: Mahadeva Indus: 211 (up arrow, tree, adj: great), 59 (fish, god) MODIFIER: Great; NOUN:God. English: First yogi Sanskrit: Adiyogi Indus: 211 (up arrow, tree, adjective: great), 161 (yoga danda, mantra bead hand, elbow support stick) MODIFIER: First; NOUN: Yogi. Adiyogi wrestling with tigers, which represent the opposing, wild, forces of one's own nature. The scene also represents Shiva Pashupati, lord of animals. He is part of the animal family, playing with tigers and embracing them. DIRECTIONALITY. The Indus Script uses the same writing direction convention as monumental Egyptian hieroglyphs (C Horner 2024). A living being, god, or animal sets the direction. Text is read towards the face. In Egyptian monumental architecture, a two-way writing option is needed for balanced presentation on either side of doorways. Many characters are symmetrical, but the canonical direction of asymmetrical glyphs is determined from their placement on a seal with an animal or god. In Indus Script, the dead bird representing the conquered ego (#51, #52 Brahma Jyotirlinga swan) and corpse #48 face backwards. A woman in birth position #47 also faces backwards because the baby beginning life faces forwards. In this slide, the direction of the Endless ladder, avatar, Bilva tree, scorpion, dead bird, and cow leg is established. 2024-5-13 INDUS SCRIPT SYNTAX: Shiva swallowed the flow of poison from the Churning of the Ocean of Milk. 244 402 180 97 53 / 216 254 SHIVA tiger mat / lingam SWALLOW FLOW OF / giving / negating POISON scorpion poison tug-of-war, symbolizing Churning of the Ocean of Milk SUBJECT VERB OBJECT prep/ neg verb object modifier "of poison" object modifier "from the tug-of-war (Churning of the Ocean of Milk)" The legends provide guidance about what icons to expect, and which variations are significant. For instance, variations of glyph #15, Shiva the water-bearer, are equivalent, but rounding the upright fish glyph #59, meaning deva god, is a nuance which is important, since is indicates additional meaning of Mahadeva great god, enlightenment, and OM. Because of nuance and multiple meaning oth the original image of the seal and indexable transliteration statistics are important to understanding. This study concludes that the Indus Script has full linguistic capacity. Nouns such as deva god (#59), moon (#293), and temple (#267); and proper nouns such as Shiva #342, Vishnu #347, and Amrita Elixir of Life (#178, #179) have been identified. The verb for rotation, circumambulation, or churning is glyph #391, which represents a chakra wheel, or loca world. Icons of the gods include Shiva's trident #371, and damaru drum (#405 #409). A verb with a repeated or ongoing action can be indicated with repeated strokes #96, such as when Vishnu's boar avatar was digging, and Brahma's swan avatar was flying. @PillarofFire2. The adjective great (#211) was one of the first Indus words to be decoded. Glyph #176, a measuring rod, indicates infinite or endless. The conjunction and is represented by a double apostrophe #99. While glyph #99 indicates joining, the dagger knife #123 indicates separation. The single apostrophe #97 is the verb giving. Proto-Sanskrit letters such as va #402, and "a" are part of the Indus Script. Danda stick Sanskrit punctuation which divides verse and signals a repeated mantra are employed. This device can also indicate repeated ongoing action, as in walking #85; rolling, rotating, or shining #392; or saying a mantra using mala prayer beads #416. Danda sticks resembling the thick batons used by players of giant kettle drums @ @, @vid, complement the aspect of Shiva as the drummer, rhythm, and punctuation-maker of the universe. Important Sanskrit expressions such as Aum, Mahadeva, Ardhanarishwara, and Adiyogi, Shiva's epithet as first yoga master have been discovered to be spelled out alphabetically. Ideograms are also extensively used. It may be possible to use the rhebus principle, in future work, to decode words and names, however, because Shiva worship involves negation of the ego, people may have foregone public names and instead employed a temple mantra, icons depicting great deeds of the gods, to identify themselves. This would explain why, despite demonstrated advanced engineering skills, no great monuments or palaces are associated with the culture. Their goal is to transcend materialism. Lexicon SHIVA VISHNU, conch OM + OM-kara reverberation, several forms of AUM! nama Mahadev Adiyogi Pashupati Ardhanarishwara Hari / Hara scorpion, poison Aquarius sash and / joined " divided / knife 'J Infinite, endless: E Amrita: A Sanskrit consonant V Sanskrit A Sanskrit danda stick punctuation Because seals are used to print images and make impressions, they are negatives, or images in reverse. In this study, the Egyptian hieroglyph reading convention is used: one reads towards the face of a sentient being, such as a god, an ox, or a unicorn. With multiple-head gods or more than one being, it is possible that two-way or bostrophodon (zig-zag back and forth, as the ox plows) format has been used. Some letters, like the proto-Sanskrit va consonant, have a leading, protruding nose side, and a flat back side. These assymetrical characters can also be used to determine reading direction. The Indus Script was discovered in 1924. Since then, it has eluded interpretation. In 2004, a hypothesis was advanced that the script was not linguistic, and a challenge reward valiantly offered for falsification of the claim. It is now exactly 100 years since discovery, and 20 years of the challenge. In the week leading up to MahaShivratri 2024, this breakthrough in the understanding of the mysterious Indus Valley Script was achieved. A Rosetta Stone for the Indus Script has been discovered in 2024. The legend of Lubhdaka: man, tiger, and tree enables interpretation of multiple tiger seals. Hindu mythology provides a parsimonious and comprehensive paradigm for interpreting the Indus Script. It has predictive power. With the hypothesis that the Hindu mythology and the god Shiva is a dominant theme, one could predict a trishul/trident and other glyphs. Future research might analyze the most important legends and looks for related icons. Because of numerous linguistic features of the Indus Script, a falsification claim is made with respect to the non-linguistic hypothesis of Farmer et al. This is an exciting time, because with new perspectives, further discoveries into this intriguing language and artistically and technologically accomplished Indus Civilization can be anticipated. OBSERVATIONS: This study identifies the Indus Script * as proto-Sanskrit because the following have been identified: The language observes VSO verb subject object order: "The man circles Shiva" would be written CIRCLES MAN SHIV (Tale of the Three legged man). The wheel or chakra can serve as the verb rotate or circle. Danda stick punctuation marks for dividing repeated mantra verses Danda sticks can function like repeat signs in musical notation. The Sanskrit consonant "va," for Vasuki, the serpent around Shiva's neck CCH2024-3-13@18:18 OM omega / va / moon boat, lunar barque of the sun above the OM symbol, Sunrise / sunrise / Venus A long stroke representing "a" as in Sanskrit \' means "for" or "to" Single stroke as literal marker like Egptian (chakra / pizza glyph) " double tick is pronounced ii or y " double tick means and, or union of " double tick means plural " double tick means "of" " double tick means "ly", "(*) means heavenly or of heaven? fish glyph is pronounced Di as in deity or adiyogi (Tiger wrestler seal) aH suffix indicating masculine noun Double tick " particle ya, a preposition meaning for, as in Shivaya, for Shiva. Double tick ", the second most frequent symbol, as a plural indicator Double tick " can serve as the conjunction "and" 47 - 48. Noose is called Pashu, which would be an abbreviation for Shiva Pashupati, Lord of Animals Egyptian writing direction is into the face of a living personi or being. Some letters are anisotropic, have directionality, like va. Egyptian use of a stroke to indicate ideogram is literal Egyptian hieroglyph O10A, hwt temple hieroglyph is used, diamond shape Egyptian djed pillar relates to Sage Dadhichi, whose backbone was used to make Indras weapon Egyptian mr, related to Amrit, plow shaped glyph with rake and seeds Egyptian scorpion king possibly connected, also a king of death, like Osiris. Egyptian word aa for great allows alphabetic reading of ADIYOGI, first yogi, a title of Shiva, in tiger wrestling seal. Egyptian river is the Nile; This root means blue in Sanskrit, as in Shiva, the blue throated one. Egyptian hieroglyph for East appears in Indus Script. Egyptian hieroglyph F5 𓄗, ox leg: repeating action, to tell a story, to interpret a dream. Compare to Indus glyph #85 Egyptian hieroglyph for good and beautiful, nfr. Compare to goddess Saraswati instrument. DRAVIDIAN phonetic values such as min for star and fish (Parpola 1994, Deciphering 182) are applicable and offer independent insight and translation pathways ELAMITE phonetics (Francois Desset) considered Lawler, Andrew (2022). Have Scholars Finally Deciphered a Mysterious Ancient Script? Smithsonian Magazine BONTA, Steven phonetics computed from text patterns, repetitions, adjacencies alphabetic reading, AUM, SANG MIN DEVA, seed, blood of the gods, for example (Siva/Samek, Astra, Ankh, Neelakantha, Ganga, min, deva, not linked yet M77 pg 1-3?) Osiris phallus, Greek god Uranus, Shiva lingam, set connection possible Both structured syntax and flexible use, consistent with linguistic expression Mathematics, calculations, measurements, and grids may be denoted by the rake sign (ICIT-415) / man holding rake up Masculine suffix H Maha Deva Yogi seal H?? Feminine suffix T, Fish with carret ^ hat is goddess?? Up arrow means great, also tree, forest sage. T/D sound, like feminine T suffix in Egyptian, French. Inscriptions with repeated letters, like the Dholavira sign are probably alphabetic messages The inspirational religious seals are meta-linguistic ideograms, excellent for communication between languages Adjective for great, an up arrow, which frequently appears first Up arrow, great, can be read as a T, or Maha, like a great forest tree (Maha Rishi / Sages of the Forest) This study focuses on interpretation of Indus Script as god Shiva iconography. An Elamite-derived alphabetic transcription with independent but complementary message has been proposed (Mishra, P) Indus Script glyph frequency table Legend (C Horner 2024): #342: SHIVA symbol. #99: AND, joined. #287: Shiva lingam shrine. #59: deva god. #87: Danda stick || punctuation which divides text || and indicates repeat. The || symbol can also represent a union of opposites (both unity and division), or a lingam. Figure 3 from Yadav, Nisha (2010). Statistical analysis of the Indus Script using n-grams. Excerpt from: Yadav, Nisha (2010). Figure 3 and accompanying text. From: Statistical Analysis of the Indus Script Using n-Grams. PLOS One. [pdf] [[Statistical Table. Horner]] According to a statistical analysis of the entire Indus Script corpus performed by Dr. Nisha Yadav, there are four signs that are distinctly the most frequent. First is the sign that is identified in this study as the emblem of Shiva, the winged V. It is a mark placed on the third eye position of the forehead of a devotee. The proto-emblem is a comination of the Shiva and Vishnu tilkas that are still employed today. Next are the double tick sign that is hypothesized here to be a grammatical device, a preposition for, conjunction and, or plural marker. Next was the upright fish sign for god or rishi sage. Third is the danda stick punctuation mark that was identified in this study, which marks breaking points in text, and repeat marks for Sanskrit prayers, mantras, and verse. The fourth most prominent is the diamond shape that is interpreted here as full moon, the monthly holy day of Shivratri, or Amrita, the Elixir of Immortality. The interpretation of Indus signs was done by Celeste Horner independently. It was exciting to see that the signs which naturally appeared the most prominent were statistically significant. These frequency analysis perfectly matched prediction from a hypothesis that the Indus Script was developed by people who worshipped an early form of the god Shiva. Glyphs could be icons which form a temple-name consisting of highlights of the deeds of the gods, assigned to a person like a mantra. The glyphs could easily be assigned sound values and creates words using a rebus system. The diaspora of Hindu belief creates shared ideas which can be interpreted into local dialects. Repeated glyphs and most frequent glyphs could be used to statistically match patterns to candidate languages. Rules for parsing the Indus Script have emerged from this study: [TODO: Photo examples of parsing / grammar rules, Lubdaka, 7 sages, MahaShivrati Pashupati water god, Pakistan glyphs, more] There is a punctuation mark: a Sanskrit device known as a danda stick, or double danda stick, which divides text into sections or verses. || can also mean light, love, marriage, merged body, half male and female, as in Shiva and Parvati/Shakti, sages walking stick, lingam with annointing fluid streaming down The double tick is a plural, conjunction, or means "and". It will be adjacent to a noun. The up arrow means great, and will precede a noun, and is often first in an inscription. \' means "for" or "to" " double tick means "of" " double tick means "ly", "(*) means heavenly or of heaven? ||||| 5 strokes (sign 35) indicates repeated action, English -ing suffix as in present participle, as in flying, digging, growing ||||| Y aH suffix indicating masculine noun The language is multi-directional. It is read towards the face of a god, person, or animal. Winged V (aka jar) is the symbol for the god Shiva, the theme of the culture. The upright fish are derived from the vertical 3rd eye, and mean god, rishi, or sage The baseball diamond glyph means full moon, date, marriage, or Amrita. Numbers are denoted by short strokes. Knowledge of vedic literature is necessary to interpret the symbols. This study has found an Indus Script glyphs make allusions to the following Hindu literature: Legend of Lubdaka, the man, tiger, and tree Samudra Manthan, the legend of the Churning of the Ocean of Milk Legend of the Marriage of Rama and Sita || The thousand lotus sacrifice of Lakshmi How Brahma lost a head, the mystery pillar of Shiva [TODO: img] Three-leaved Bhel tree fronds are placed on Shiva lingams NaraSimha, the man lion Pashupati, Lord of Animals. Indus Civilisation is Pashupatinath Pashupatastra weapon of Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance The symbols tell stories using meta-linguistic symbols; great for communication between different cultures Multiple cultures used the Indus Script and may have made alphabetic assignments to spell words If the Indus Valley Civilization focused on the worship of Shiva, they would be oriented to liberation fro the world and would minimize ego. That is why elaborate temples and palaces were not found even though a high degree of civil engineering and running water public works were built. A simple stone or natural grotto or forest can suffice for Saivite worship. Instead of having a personal name, they might compose glyphs representing the deeds of Shiva which uniquely represent their aspirations. They would have temple names rather than personal names. Nevertheless, a letter value could be linked to the mythology icons to create messages and names. Writing in the Indus was much more casual than Egyptian society where trained scribes employed drafting techniques. Since Indus writing often ran out of space and was cramped on one side of the seal, it implies that writing was spontaneous, not a pre-planned, professional, formal act in some cases. Duplication of seals however, indicates some specialization also. Coherent transcriptions have been made using Elamite values of the glyphs. PURPOSE: Determination of how the seals were used will depend on archaeological evidence. Are they found in elite residences, modest homes, libraries, communal spaces, storage areas, or tombs? The small size of the seals is appropriate for currency; message security and authentication; and record-keeping such as name registry, astronomical dates, genealogies, agricultural yields, weather, and birthdays. The small seals might have been treasured as personal spiritual amulets and mini-books for teaching stories to children. Adult spiritual disciples could contemplate the meaning of the glyphs on deeper levels. The seals might have been impressed into fortune cookies or holiday pastries or have been hidden and baked into temple bread and distributed as prasad, which, once blessed and received, could have been believed to grant healing, protection, inspiration, and oracular guidance. The seals are known to have been used to imprint clay tags on the wrapping of bundles of goods. The conclusions of this study would deduce that many of these goods were consecrated for use in Shivaratri observances. (X = Shivaratri or Shiva. Double tick means for). The text says, " X, for Shivaratri. (Hindu equivalent of Jewish kosher). PRASAD - food which is gratefully consumed after first offering it to god. Seals - consecrated - for administration of temple resources. Ego disappears - I am serving god through my best action, contemplating god continually. The elephant represents Lakshmi, Goddess of Fortune. It symbolizes the auspicious removal of obstacles and abundance of treasure and blessings Indus Valley people may have used seal images representing legends and mythical and real beasts for divination and personal guidance. ANIMAL AUGURY, SYMBOLISM OF ANIMALS ON INDUS SEALS, life lesson potential: Unicorn: HEALTH, Amrita, elixir of life. Cornucupia horn: wealth, fortune. Bull: STRENGTH, ENDURANCE, LOYALTY. Tiger: VIGOR, ENERGY, SUCCESS. Goat: Caution, karma, Wisdom, Mountain heights, Golden Age. Shiva restored the life of the father-in-law who rejected him, but replaced his head with a goat, and he became a great devotee. Elephant is Lakshmi, Fortune. LION Parvati (Egyptian Hathor Sekmet). Protection, valor, loyalty, honesty Man with 2 bows: WAR on all sides CHURNING OCEAN - Teamwork, even work with enemies! MAKARA, hybrid mammal-fish, elephant-nosed, mustachioed, dragon-fish, star-crossed love, god-human, demi-god, adventure BANGLES: glamour, beauty, wealth ASTRA / weapons. Defend family and home, awe of the gods HONESTY: Swan (Brahma in swan form lied about finding the top Shiva's pillar of fire) DISCERMENT: Swan reputed magical ability to separate milk and water, truth and illusion, elixir from water LESSONS BRAHMA LOST HEAD: vanquish ego, be honest VICTORIES OVER EVIL OMNIPRESENCE OF DEITY: Jyotirlinga, Vishnu lion-man splits pillar OCEAN OF MILK. Poison with elixir, coping with problems of life, team-work VAMANA THE DWARF: Don't be fooled by appearances, respect SACRIFICE and DEVOTION Bilva tree and || union symbol. LOVE, UNITY, LOYALTY, MARRIAGE A Rosetta Stone for the Indus Script has been discovered in 2024. The legend of Lubhdaka: man, tiger, and tree enables interpretation of multiple tiger seals. Hindu mythology provides a parsimonious and comprehensive paradigm for interpreting the Indus Script. It has predictive power. With the hypothesis that the Hindu mythology and the god Shiva is a dominant theme, one could predict a trishul/trident and other glyphs. Future research might analyze the most important legends and looks for related icons. Because of numerous linguistic features of the Indus Script, a falsification claim is made with respect to the non-linguistic hypothesis of Farmer et al. This is an exciting time, because with new perspectives, further discoveries into this intriguing language and artistically and technologically accomplished Indus Civilization can be anticipated. 16 References ^ Dravidian and Indus Valley Script (lecture) by Professor Asko Parpola Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions REFERENCES Awan, Arshad (2023) Pasupathi: the Shiva of the Indus Valley? T-Magazine @ Cosmic Angle (2024) Chandra, the Moon. {108 OM Mantra names and Vedic rituals. Associated with dew, milk, fertility. IAH Egyptian moon, Hebrew manna. Antelope pulls chariot. Born from Ocean of Milk. High frequency Indus Script glyph 267 may be Vedic birth chart with 12 houses arranged like diamonds, on diagonal lines. Related to Egyptian house temple hieroglyph, rotated.} Devam, Yajna (2024) Yajnadevam's Indus script decipherment hosted by Steve Bonta. [video] A cryptanalytic decipherment of the Indus Script. [academia.edu] {Derives poetic alphabetic translations of the text} Farmer, Steve, Richard Sproat, and Michael Witzel (2004) The collapse of the Indus-Script thesis: the myth of a literate Harappan civilization. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS) 11 - 2 (2004), pp. 19-57. [pdf] Farmer, Steve, Richard Sproat, and Michael Witzel (2004) $10,000 prize announcement in conjunction with the publication of The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization {criteria} Frenez, Denny (2022) There and Back Again: Deconstructing Indus-related Seals Found Beyond the Harappan World. Harappa.com. video] Fuls, Andreas (2023) A Catalog of Indus Signs. (Berlin: Mathematica Epigraphica, No 4, ISBN 979-8-398-42230-6). [@] Fuls, Andreas (2020) International Conference on the Indus Script, Mohenjodaro (2020). @ Harappa.com (2024) {Comprehensive website for information on Indus Script research} {Indus folklore: an unknown story on some Harappan objects. Includes plate numbers for Tiger seal. Possehl review.} Gnostic Informant (2024) Oldest Religion of Stone Age Eurasia. [video] {ProtoIndoEuropean - Vedic connection theory} Hindu Saga (2024) Navagraha - Story About The Nine Planets. [video] Hindu Saga (2022) The Story of Maha Shivratri. [video] {Parvati, the reincarnation of Shakti, loved Shiva so much she did the most extreme penance ever performed to marry him. For a thousand years, she ate only fruits and flowers, and then for 100, she ate only fallen leaves [Bhel tree reference?], and finally she was able to live with only air} Agastya Muni {Sage who could swallow ocean to reveal underwater demon, single-handedly restore balance of Earth when all went north to see Shiva Parvati wedding, mountains bow down, developed Tamil} [video grass becomes warrior Pipalada wounds Shani Dev, lord of karma, in the foot with Brahmadanda, making him slow and lame Hindu Sage (2022) The history and philosophies behind Shiva's damaru. [video] {Created by Brahma on request from Shiva. When first played, it created the elements. It maintains the rhythms of creation as Shiva dances.} Pashupadastra, the deadliest weapon of Shiva. [video] {This series was source of info that Shiva was teaching yoga to Pashupati on a desert island. When a fish was discovered eavesdropping on the conversation , it was made into a yogi and sage. Upright fish. Also see Matsya, fish avatar of Vishnu.} Who brought Ganga on Earth and why? [video] {In order to have peace, the ashes of 60,000 dead warriors needed to be placed in the Ganges River. It was in heaven in the water pot (kamandala) of Brahma and had to be brought down. Shiva saved the world by absorbing the impact of the River's fall from heaven.} Story of Chandra (the Moon) - the second Navagraha. {Why Mercury or Budh is neither male nor female} History Channel (2024) Theories and Decipherment Attempts of Indus Script | Indus Valley Civilization | Archaeology. [video] ICIT (2024) Interactive Corpus of Indus Text. homepage, pdf Josh, Jagat Pati and Asko Parpola, eds (1987) Corpus of Indus Seals. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 1986. Concordance of Indus Inscriptions Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2021) The Archaeology of Indus Urbanism: Comparing Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Dholavira. Harappa.com [video] Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2022) The Role of Marine Shell in the Ornaments, Arts and Rituals of the Indus Tradition: 7000-1900 BCE. Harappa.com. [video] Mahadevan, Iravatham, and Roja Muthiah Research Library (2021) The Indus Script Web Application(IM77/IDF80). https://indusscript.in. {Free, online database with Indus Script concordance. Can search for individual glyphs, and groups up to three.} Mahadevan, Iravathan (1977) The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables. [archive.org] 417 sign list book pdf] | Signs 330-379, including 342 jar/Shiva Indus Script 417 sign list, pg 42 - 45 Mahadevan, Iravathan (1977) How did the great god get a blue neck? A bilingual clue from the Indus Script. Harappa.com. [pdf] {Detected the term "great god" and connected to Shiva, although used a different symbol combination than this study} MahaShivratri.org (2024) The Legend of Lubdhaka. MahaShivratri.org {Relates several versions of the legend of the man, tiger, and tree}. Marshall, John Sir (1931) Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization. (London, UK: Arthur Probsthain) [archive.org] 2004 edition Mishra, Praveen Kumar (2022) Decipherment of the Indus Script. Sangam Talks [video] {Links Sumerian, Elamite, Devanagari. Presents scorpion symbol. Produces phonetic transliterations.} Nayakar (2024) Ardhanariswar dance (male-female figure of the Hindu god Shiva with Parvati). [video] Omniglot.com (2024) Indus Script. {Shows an image of many glyphs on one page} Nature India (2009) Write signs for Indus Script? Nature.com Parpola, Asko (2023) Signs of the Indus Script and their variants. Harappa.com [video] Parpola, Asko (1994) Deciphering the Indus script. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press). [amazon] [archive.org] {Definitive, illustrated work. Connects to Dravidian linguistics and mythology} Possehl, Gregory L (2002) The Indus civilization : a contemporary perspective. ( Walnut Creek, CA : AltaMira Press). [archive.org] Possehl, Gregory L (2008) Indus Folklore: An Unknown Story on Some Harappan Objects. BAR International Series 1826 (2008): 140-144. [academia.edu] Prabhupada, Swami (1989) The Bhagavad-gita as it is. (Juhu, Mumbai, India: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust). {Sanskrit, transliteration, Sanskrit - English vocabulary, English translation, and commentary. Chapter 13: the body is the field, self is the knower of the field} Project Shivoham (2024) Shivarathri & Shiva worship in Indus Valley Civilization? [video] {This is the video that initiated this course of discovery} Rao, Rajesh (2012) Computing a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script. TED Talks, 2011 Sadhguru (2024) MahaShivrati livestream, March 8, 2024. Sounds of Isha. [video] {Massive gathering and spiritual observance attended by the vice-president of India, who described it as an event of sublimity, modernity, and eternity} MahaShivrati web site {Shiva identity includes emptiness, merged identity with Mount Kailash. } Sadhguru (2020) Scientific Reason Behind Maha Shivaratri You Should Know. [video] Don't sleep on this night. {Importance of staying awake and erect on Shivaratri. The motive behind the tiger seal legend: stay up and pray. The solar system is working like a potter's wheel to generate this. Yogic practice for vitality.}. [video] The Sanskrit (2021) Birth of Sanskrit Language - Learn 3 Stories of Origin of The Sanskrit Alphabet. video {Sanskrit alphabet origin legends: 14 strokes of Shiva's damaru, Shakti Pitha shrines of Sita, and petals of chakras} What is your Sanskrit name? video {visarga, suffixes} Sanskrit Trikashaivism.com (2024) Puranas {Sanskrit language instruction, Vedic text, Puranas} Sharmila, Sinha (2022) Bael, an overlooked boon to humans since ages. Onmanorama.com Sullivan, Bruce M. (1997) Historical Dictionary of Hinduism. Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements, no. 13 (Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.) Tanakung, Mpu (400 A.D.) Siwaratrikalpa (Shivaratri, night of Shiva ritual). Translated by A Teeuw. [info] {Relates the legend of Lubdhaka to communicate the importance of observing Shivaratri to Hindus in Java, Indonesia. This version portrays Lubdhaka as a sinful man who was redeemed by his accidental night of devotion} Tapasyananda, Swami. Madhava - Vidyaranya, Translated by Swami Tapasyananda (ancient tradition) The Traditional Life of Sri Sankaracharya. archive.org {Shiva's incarnation as Sankara} University of Chicago (2024) Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures: West Asia and North Africa OIP 136. Medinet Habu IX. The Eighteenth Dynasty Temple, Part I: The Inner Sanctuaries With Translations of Texts, Commentary, and Glossary. The Epigraphic Survey. pdf Digital Dictionaries of South Asia {Tamil, Sanskrit, and more} Vyasa, the narrator of the Mahabharata, compiler ( *,7K B.C oral tradition?, 250 C.E. - 1000 C.E.?) 18 Maha Puranas. Text in Sanskrit, Hindi, and English. Vyasaonline.com. {Includes wisdom and legends such as the manifestation of Vishnu as a fish that saved Manu from the flood, and the tortoise that supported a mountain for making Amrit, the elixir of immortality in the Agni Purana, chapters 2 and 3.} Yadav, Nisha (2010) Statistical Analysis of the Indus Script Using n-Grams. PLOS One. [pdf] Yadav, Nisha (2022) Script of the Harappan civilization. IIT Gandhinagar. [video] Wells, Dr. Bryan Kenneth and Dr. Andreas Fuls (2006 - 2024) Interactive Corpus of Indus Text Wikipedia (2024) Pashupati Seal. {Images of 3 versions o the seal and interpretation theories} Varuna Pashu, noose, lasso {Pasha is an attribute of Ganesha (son of Shiva); Yama, god of death uses it to extract souls at death; and Varuna, god of Oceans, whose mount is an elephant nosed Makara.} Kautuka ritual thread dancing girl sculpture {wear bangles on arms, shows fashion worn on seals, possible Apsara} Patala {Underworld mapped onto the legs of Vishnu} Wisdom library (2024) Danda. Wisdomlibrary.org {Sanskrit and English terminology. A danda is a rod that can be a weapon, a churning stick, a measuring device, or form of punctuation.} Riley, Lucinda Pleiades myths and legends. @ Avia (2022) Antelope Symbolism and Antelope Spirit Animal Meaning. Antelope spiritual symbolism. What's your sign.com. {Antelopes can eat poisonous plants without getting sick, like Shiva in Ocean of Milk legend, freedom, grace, swiftness} Celeste Claire Horner 2024-3-9 (statistical analysis added), UPDATED 2024-4-11 ,2024-3-8, 2024-3-6, 2024-3-5 DRAFT celeste.horner@gmail.com | celeste@digitalthought.info